The scientists explored a link to El Niño, the climate pattern known for warming up the Pacific Ocean, and potential warming influences from diminished shipping liner pollution and a major volcanic eruption. But nothing explained the influx of warmth as it held up for months on end and spread heat waves across nearly all of the oceans’ surfaces.
Now, the unprecedented streak of ocean heat is entering a second year. Scientists say it could represent a major change to Earth systems that cannot be reversed on any human time scale.
That’s because what they have seen in the oceans so far “doesn’t add up,” Gavin Schmidt, director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, told The Washington Post.
“It could imply that a warming planet is already fundamentally altering how the climate system operates, much sooner than scientists had anticipated,” he wrote in a column in the journal Nature.
Ocean temperatures jump ‘off the charts’
The warming has extended far from an El Niño-influenced swath of the Pacific.
Across much of the Atlantic basin, for example, surface temperatures have been running 1 to 2 degrees Celsius (1.8 to 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above a 1971-2000 baseline. The anomaly is 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) or more in some waters off South Africa, Japan and the Netherlands, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite data.
The ocean heat waves coincide with the warmest conditions ever observed in the atmosphere, too. Last year, average global air temperatures rose higher than humans have ever known, perhaps bringing the planet to its hottest in more than 100,000 years. Climate scientists predict 2024 could be even warmer.
But to see such dramatic warming throughout Earth’s oceans is even more alarming, given that it takes far more energy to warm water than it does the air, said Celeste Saulo, secretary general of the World Meteorological Organization.
“The time scale of the oceans is not as fast as the atmosphere,” Saulo said at a news conference. “Once a change is established, I would say it’s almost irreversible in time scales that go from centennial to millennial.”
In its annual State of the Climate report issued Tuesday, the organization said many climate indicators last year “gave ominous new significance to the phrase ‘off the charts.’” That included unprecedented glacier melt, Antarctic sea ice loss and sea level rise as marine heat waves spread across more than 90 percent of the oceans’ surfaces at some point during 2023.
The most exceptional warmth hit the eastern North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, the North Pacific and large areas of the Southern Ocean, the WMO said. Since April, global average sea surface temperatures have hit records every month, with records in July, August and September “by a particularly wide margin,” the organization said.
Deep — yet unpredictable — impacts
The warming of the world’s oceans is already having devastating consequences for coral reefs. Fatal levels of heat hit a largely unspoiled section of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef this month, a repeat of the bleaching and mortality of corals around Florida last year.
Other impacts will take more time to detect.
There are worries the warming and melting is pushing a key Atlantic Ocean current system to collapse, though the tipping point at which that might occur is unknown. It would have massive impacts on underwater ecosystems and weather patterns.
And there are likely to be cascading impacts on marine life.
In the Gulf of Maine, where waters have been warming much faster than the world’s oceans at large, researchers have already seen important species such as cod and herring struggling to find cool waters within their normal geographic range. Many fish are growing more rapidly at young ages, but then plateauing at smaller sizes, a sign that they aren’t getting enough food or that the heat is stressing their bodies, said Katherine Mills, a senior scientist at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute.
The temperatures observed over the past year are so extreme relative to past conditions, it’s becoming more difficult to reliably predict what the consequences could be, Mills said. Existing data on ecosystem changes is becoming too outdated too fast, she said.
“We generally expect that, in the ocean, there will be variability in temperatures,” Mills said. “What this has done is send that variability well into a range that we haven’t encountered before.”
“I think it’s a real wake-up call,” she added.
No signs of a cool-down
Scientists don’t know if or when the extreme ocean warming will subside. So far, none of their theories for what is driving it have answered all questions.
Some warming is likely tied to a decrease in air pollution from shipping liners, which allows more sunlight to reach oceans’ surfaces. And the eruption of the underwater volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai near the island nation Tonga in 2022 sent vast amounts of water vapor — a planet-warming greenhouse gas — into the atmosphere. But neither factor explains the drastic surge in ocean heat.
Ocean temperatures surged last spring at the tail end of what had been three straight years of a La Niña global climate pattern, which is the opposite of El Niño and known for suppressing global heating. The switch from La Niña to what became a historically strong El Niño, known for boosting planetary temperatures, could explain a lot of the jump in ocean warmth, said Boyin Huang, a NOAA oceanographer focused on ocean temperature analysis.
So, it’s possible that ocean temperatures could moderate later this year with La Niña conditions forecast to return.
But it remains to be seen whether a switch from El Niño back to La Niña would be enough to significantly counteract the warming or the power of greenhouse gases. That could become clearer by late summer, if ocean temperatures continue setting records, Huang said.
If record warmth persists even under La Niña conditions, Schmidt wrote, “the world will be in uncharted territory,” with far more uncertainty over its future climate than scientists had previously known.
